What are the economics of vanadium flow batteries?

When it comes to the economics of vanadium flow batteries, the dynamics of supply and demand for vanadium, the silvery-grey transition metal which when dissolved forms the electrolyte and therefore the key component of the battery, have long been the key talking point.

What are vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFB)?

Interest in the advancement of energy storage methods have risen as energy production trends toward renewable energy sources. Vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFB) are one of the emerging energy storage techniques being developed with the purpose of effectively storing renewable energy.

Are primary vanadium producers betting on the success of VRFBs?

Two of those primary vanadium producers, Bushveld and Largo, are betting big on the success of VRFBs. Both have established subsidiaries which diversify their interests into the energy sector. So are these primary producers taking a serious gamble here?

How many primary vanadium producers are there?

There are only three primary vanadium producers in the world today; Largo Resources, which has a mine in Brazil; Bushveld Minerals, which has mines in South Africa and mining giant Glencore (also South Africa).

Does Coulter IIIa dispersant delay precipitation in positive vanadium electrolyte?

Chang et al. determined 0.05–0.1 wt/weight of Coulter IIIA dispersant delayed precipitation in positive vanadium electrolyte at elevated temperatures.